Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
Hurun India and EdelGive today released the EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020. This is the 7th annual ranking of the most generous individuals in India.
WITH A DONATION OF INR 7,904 CRORE, AZIM PREMJI,75, WAS ‘INDIA’S MOST GENEROUS’. HE DONATED INR 22 CRORES PER DAY!
HCL’S SHIV NADAR, 75, WAS SECOND WITH INR 795 CRORE DONATION
WITH A DONATION OF INR 76 CRORE, AM NAIK, THE GROUP CHAIRMAN OF L AND T IS THE MOST NOTABLE NEW ENTRANT IN THE EDELGIVE HURUN INDIA PHILANTHROPY LIST 2020. HE HAS PLEDGED 75% OF HIS WEALTH TO PHILANTHROPY AND IS RANKED 11 IN THE LIST. AM NAIK IS INDIA’S MOST GENEROUS PROFESSIONAL MANAGER
WITH A DONATION OF INR 27 CRORE, AMIT CHANDRA,52, AND ARCHANA CHANDRA, 49, OF A.T.E. CHANDRA FOUNDATION ARE THE ONLY OTHER PROFESSIONAL MANAGERS TO EVER THE EDELGIVE HURUN INDIA PHILANTHROPY LIST
INDIAN PHILANTHROPY STATS AT A RECORD HIGH; NO. OF INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE DONATED MORE THAN INR 10 CRORE INCREASED BY 100% OVER THE LAST 2 YEARS, FROM 37 TO 80 THIS YEAR
LED BY AM NAIK, 78, WHO DONATED INR 76 CRORES, 30 NEW ADDITIONS TO THE LIST; TOTAL DONATIONS BY NEW ADDITIONS AT INR 399 CRORE
WITH A DONATION OF INR 458 CRORE, INDIA’S RICHEST MAN, MUKESH AMBANI,63, CAME THIRD
WITH A DONATION OF INR 276 CRORE, KUMAR MANGALAM BIRLA, 53, OF ADITYA BIRLA GROUP DEBUTS THE TOP 5 AND IS THE YOUNGEST IN TOP 10
YOUNGEST: BINNY BANSAL, 37, DEBUTED THE EDELGIVE HURUN INDIA PHILANTHROPY LIST WITH A DONATION OF INR 5.3 CRORES
WITH 90 PHILANTHROPISTS CUMULATIVELY DONATING INR 9,324 CRORES, EDUCATION THE MOST FAVOURED CAUSE. WITH 86 DONORS, HEALTHCARE REGISTERED A 137% INCREASE IN CUMULATIVE DONATION, FOLLOWED BY DISASTER RELIEF & MANAGEMENT, WHICH HAD 41 DONORS, REGISTERING A CUMULATIVE DONATION OF INR 354 CRORES OR AN INCREASE OF 240%
3 OF INFOSYS’S CO-FOUNDERS MADE THE LIST, WITH NANDAN NILEKANI, S GOPALAKRISHNAN AND SD SHIBULAL, EACH OF THEM DONATING INR 159 CRORE, INR 50 CRORE, AND INR 32 CRORE RESPECTIVELY
WITH A DONATION OF INR 47 CRORE, ROHINI NILEKANI,61, WAS THE MOST GENEROUS WOMAN PHILANTHROPIST IN THE LIST; 7 FEMALE PHILANTHROPISTS FEATURE IN THE LIST
THE AVERAGE AGE OF DONORS IN THE LIST IS 66 YEARS
HURUN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, WORLD’S LARGEST RICH LIST COMPILER, AND EDELGIVE FOUNDATION, THE PHILANTHROPIC ARM OF THE EDELWEISS GROUP, RELEASED THE EDELGIVE HURUN PHILANTHROPY LIST FOR THE 7TH CONSECUTIVE YEAR
EDELGIVE and HURUN INDIA release EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
(10 November 2020, Mumbai) Hurun India and EdelGive today released the EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020. This is the 7th annual ranking of the most generous individuals in India. This is our attempt to highlight India’s remarkable givers and to capture the growing importance of individual givers in India's philanthropic landscape towards nation-building. Donations were measured by the value of their cash or cash equivalents from 1 April 2019 to 31 March 2020. This is the seventh year of the list and it follows on from the Hurun India Rich List, a ranking of 827 richest individuals in India, released on September 2020 for the ninth year.
EdelGive Foundation has partnered with Hurun India towards creating this report to understand philanthropic giving in the country from a data and evidence point of view. The report is not only significant in understanding data of giving but also throws light on the sectors and geographies which are at the receiving end of this giving. Through this report, we aim to bring to notice the strength of the social sector and access areas which require further growth.
This year’s EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020 features individuals who have donated INR 5 crore or more during the period under review.
“Reports of this nature are rare, but give us deep insight into the philanthropic sector and the patterns of giving that are ever-evolving. This year, we also looked at our methodology very closely – ensuring we keep the process transparent and proactively invite leaders of a diverse group to participate in the list. I am certain the EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List will inspire a lot of new philanthropists towards strategic giving.” – Vidya Shah, Chairperson and CEO, EdelGive Foundation
Anas Rahman Junaid, MD and Chief Researcher of Hurun India said: “The preferred cause of India’s top philanthropists has been education, although poverty alleviation has grown dramatically to become the second most popular cause this year. I hope the EdelGive Hurun Philanthropy List can help people understand the mindset of some of India’s most successful entrepreneurs and philanthropists, as well as inspire future generations to give back.”
Table 1: The Top 10 in the EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020 is shown below
| Rank | Name | Donation (INR crore) | Change % |
Age | Primary Cause | Company | 3yr Donation (INR crore) |
| 1(+1) | Azim Premji & family | 7,904 | 1645% | 75 | Education | Wipro | 9,143 |
| 2(-1) | Shiv Nadar & family | 795 | -4% | 75 | Education | HCL Technologies | 2,391 |
| 3(0) | Mukesh Ambani & family | 458 | 14% | 63 | Disaster Relief | Reliance Industries | 1,297 |
| 4(+8) | Kumar Mangalam Birla & family | 276 | 249% | 53 | Education | Aditya Birla | 374 |
| 5(+4) | Anil Agarwal & family | 215 | 90% | 67 | Healthcare | Vedanta | 352 |
| 6(-1) | Ajay Piramal & family | 196 | -2% | 65 | Education | Piramal | 596 |
| 7(-3) | Nandan Nilekani | 159 | -22% | 65 | Sustainable Development | Infosys | N.A. |
| 8(+8) | Hinduja brothers | 133 | 156% | 84 | Healthcare | Hinduja | N.A. |
| 9(+1) | Gautam Adani & family | 88 | 5% | 58 | Education | Adani | 248 |
| 10(+16) | Sudhir Mehta & Samir Mehta | 81 | 182% | 66, 57 | Heathcare | Torrent | 138 |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
With a donation of INR 7,904 crore, Azim Premji & family, the founder chairman of Wipro tops the EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020. Azim Premji Endowment Fund owns 13.6% of the promoter’s shareholding in Wipro and has the right to receive all money earned from promoter shares. On 1 April 2020, Azim Premji Foundation (INR 1,000 crore), Wipro (INR 100 crore), and Wipro Enterprises (INR 25 crore) have committed INR 1,125 crore towards tackling the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. These are in addition to the annual CSR activities of Wipro, and the usual philanthropic spending of the Azim Premji Foundation.
“Azim Premji is a role model for Indian philanthropy and is continuing to inspire other entrepreneurs into giving”, said Anas Rahman Junaid, MD and Chief Researcher, Hurun India.
HCL Technologies founder chairman, Shiv Nadar & family has been ranked 2nd in the EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020. Nadar credits his success to the education and scholarships that he received during his early years. As of 2019, Nadar has invested over US$ 800 million through the Foundation, impacting over 30,000 students directly. Nadar’s wife, Kiran Nadar chairs the Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, India’s first private philanthropic art museum exhibiting modern and contemporary works from India and the subcontinent.
With a donation of INR 458 crore, Mukesh Ambani & family, the Chairman of Reliance Industries occupies the 3rd spot in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020. On 30th March 2020, Reliance Industries announced a donation of INR 500 crore to the PM CARES Fund and INR 5 crore each to the Chief Minister’s Relief Fund of Maharashtra and Chief Minister’s Relief Fund of Gujarat to support their fights against the Covid-19.
With a donation of INR 276 crore, Kumar Mangalam Birla & family ranks 4th in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020. On 3rd April 2020, Aditya Birla Group donated INR 400 crore to the PM CARES Fund and INR 50 crore to FICCI-Aditya Birla CSR Centre for Excellence. Also allocated INR 50 crore for supplying N95 Masks, PPE’s and ventilators.
The 5th position in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020 is occupied by the founder and chairman of Vedanta, Anil Agarwal & family who donated INR 215 crore. In September 2014 Anil Agarwal pledges 75% of his wealth to charity. The foundation work towards education & computer literacy, vocational training, women & child empowerment, and community welfare.
With INR 196 crore donation, Ajay Piramal & family has made it to the 6th rank in the EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020. On 31st March 2020, Piramal Group commits INR 25 crore to PM CARES Fund. In November 2019, Piramal Foundation and Gates Foundation partner to set up a Tribal Health Collaborative and will work closely with the Government of India to achieve Sustainable Development goals by 2030.
Co-founder and chairman of Infosys Nandan Nilekani ranked 7th in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020 with a donation of INR 159 crore. Nandan Nilekani & Rohini Nilekani, signed the Giving Pledge in 2017, committing to donate half of their wealth towards philanthropy.
Hinduja brothers enter at 8th rank in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020 with a donation of INR 133 crore. Established in 1968, Hinduja Foundation focuses on Water Stewardship, Healthcare, Education, Rural Development, and Arts & Culture.
With a donation of INR 88 crore, Gautam Adani & family, Chairman of Adani Group is at the 9th spot. Adani Foundation works in four key areas such as Education, Community Health, Sustainable Livelihood, and Community Infrastructure Development, in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals. On 29 March 2020, Gautam Adani led Adani Foundation announced INR 100 crore donation to PM CARES Fund.
With a donation of INR 81 crore, Sudhir Mehta & Samir Mehta ranks 10th in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020. UNM Foundation carries out Social and Philanthropic activities of the Mehta Family and Torrent Group, with a focus on Community Healthcare, Education & Knowledge Enhancement and Social Care & Concern.
The average age
The average age is 66, three years older than entrepreneurs on the Hurun India Rich List and two years older than philanthropists on last year's EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List.
“Binny Bansal is the first philanthropist under the age of 40 to enter the philanthropy list. This is possibly one of the best news from the EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020. I hope this will inspire more young wealth creators to not only donate but also to speak more about their donations ”, said Anas Rahman Junaid, MD and Chief Researcher, Hurun India.
Personal philanthropy gaining traction over the years
22 individuals in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020 has donated INR 5 crore or more in their personal capacity.
“One of the core objectives of Edelgive Hurun India Philanthropy List is to speak more stories about philanthropists who have donated on their personal capacity. If we were to add the taxes paid on the dividend payout, which was allocated towards philanthropy, the value of private donations would be even higher.”, said Anas Rahman Junaid, MD and Chief Researcher, Hurun India.
Table 2: Top personal Philanthropists in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
| Rank | Names | Personal Donation (INR crore) | Primary Cause | Company | As % of Dividend* |
| 1 | Azim Premji & family | 7,770 | Education | Wipro | 1,837% |
| 2 | Shiv Nadar & family | 689 | Education | HCL Technologies | 84% |
| 3 | Ajay Piramal & family | 184 | Education | Piramal | 63% |
| 4 | Nandan Nilekani | 159 | Sustainable Development | Infosys | 85% |
| 5 | Kumar Mangalam Birla & family | 123 | Education | Aditya Birla | 23% |
| 6 | AM Naik | 76 | Healthcare | Larsen & Toubro | N.A |
| 7 | Yusuffali M A | 68 | Healthcare | Lulu | N.A |
| 8 | S Gopalakrishnan & family | 50 | Healthcare | Infosys | 19% |
| 9 | Sanjiv Goenka & family | 50 | Healthcare | CESC | 25% |
| 10 | Rohini Nilekani | 47 | Environmental Sustainability | Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies | N.A |
| 11 | Anil Agarwal & family | 42 | Healthcare | Vedanta | 5% |
| 12 | SD Shibulal & family | 32 | Healthcare | Infosys | 22% |
| 13 | Anu Aga & family | 31 | Education | Thermax | 30% |
| 14 | Amit & Archana Chandra | 27 | Environmental Sustainability | A.T.E. Chandra Foundation | N.A |
| 15 | Kiran Mazumdar Shaw | 24 | Education | Biocon | 55% |
| 16 | Ronnie Screwvala | 19 | Rural Development | Unilazer Ventures | N.A |
| 17 | Sudhir Mehta & Samir Mehta | 17 | Healthcare | Torrent | 2% |
| 18 | Cyrus S Poonawalla & Adar Poonawalla | 13 | Education | Serum Institute of India | 48% |
| 19 | Kochouseph Chittilappilly & family | 12 | Disaster Relief | V-Guard Industries | 34% |
| 20 | Joy Alukkas | 8 | Livelihood Enhancement | Joy Alukkas | N.A |
| 21 | Ranjan Pai | 7 | Education | Manipal Education & Medical | N.A |
| 22 | Binny Bansal | 5 | Education | Investments | N.A |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020 *dividend details based on annual reports/ availability
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
AM Naik, the group Chairman of L and T and the husband-wife duo, Amit and Archana Chandra of A.T.E. Chandra Foundation are the only individuals not featured in the Hurun rich lists to enter the EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020.
“This year’s list reveals the serious philanthropic side of Indian professional managers who have been “secretively” actioning their pledges. Celebrating the philanthropic side of these professional managers such as AM Naik and Amit and Archana Chandra will hopefully further inspire other professional managers into speaking about their philanthropy and more importantly, inspire others into giving”, said Anas Rahman Junaid, MD and Chief Researcher, Hurun India.
Azim Premji has committed 67% of economic interest in Wipro towards philanthropic activities. In 2020, the promoter holdings in Wipro earned a dividend of INR 422 crore and the 2019 share buyback program fetched another INR 7,347 crore – all of these would be donated towards philanthropy based on his endowment pledge.
Shiv Nadar runs the Shiv Nadar Foundation that supports rural education and provides scholarships for underprivileged students to study abroad. In FY20, Shiv Nadar donated INR 689 crore through Shiv Nadar Foundation.
Nandan Nilekani and Rohini Nilekani individually donated INR 159 crore and INR 47 crore respectively. In FY 20, they donated more than INR 100 core towards Societal Platform, aimed at creating a shared space to solve problems, at scale, speed, and sustainably.
Anu Aga & family of Thermax have committed 30% of their dividend income towards philanthropic causes.
Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw is the first woman to sign The Giving Pledge. She has committed to giving away half of her income towards philanthropy on an annual basis.
New to this year
30 philanthropists entered EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020 for the first time. The top new additions in the list are SD Shibulal of Infosys with a donation of INR 32 crore, followed by SD Shibulal of Infosys who donated INR 32 crore, and Amit and Archana Chandra of A.T.E. Chandra Foundation who donated INR 27 crore.
“This rising new additions to the list is very inspiring. Based on the commitment towards Covid-19, we believe the list of new additions would go even higher in the next year’s list”, said Anas Rahman Junaid, MD and Chief Researcher, Hurun India.
Table 3: New entrants in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
| Rank | Name | Donation (INR crore) | Age | Primary Cause | Company |
| 1 | AM Naik | 76 | 78 | Healthcare | Larsen & Toubro |
| 2 | SD Shibulal & family | 32 | 65 | Healthcare | Infosys |
| 3 | Amit and Archana Chandra | 27 | 52,49 | Environmental Sustainability | A.T.E. Chandra Foundation |
| 4 | Shri Ram Beriwala & Shyam Sunder Beriwala | 19 | - | Healthcare | Shyam Steel |
| 4 | Madhukar Parekh & family | 18 | 74 | Rural Development | Pidilite Industries |
| 6 | Baba Kalyani & family | 18 | 71 | Rural Development | Bharat Forge |
| 7 | Kochouseph Chittilappilly & family | 16 | 69 | Disaster Relief | V-Guard Industries |
| 8 | Ajay S Shriram & family | 12 | 66 | Healthcare | DCM Shriram |
| 9 | Mannalal B Agrawal & brothers | 11 | 73 | Healthcare | Ajanta Pharma |
| 9 | J C Chaudhry | 11 | 71 | Education | Aakash Education Services |
| 9 | Lachman Das Mittal & family | 11 | 89 | Environmental Sustainability | International Tractors |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
Women in the list
7 women find their place in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020. With a donation of INR 47 crore, Rohini Nilekani of Infosys is India’s most generous woman, followed by Anu Aga & family of Thermax who donated INR 36 crore, and Kiran Mazumdar Shaw of Biocon who donated INR 34 crore.
“In addition to 7 women in the list, it is also important to highlight the role played by women in running the family’s charitable trusts. For instance, in most of the family-run businesses that are featured in the list, the spouses of the entrepreneurs lead the charitable trusts”, said Anas Rahman Junaid, MD and Chief Researcher, Hurun India.
Table 4: India’s most generous women - 2020
| Rank | Name | Donation (INR crore) | Age | Primary Cause | Company |
| 1 | Rohini Nilekani | 47 | 61 | Environmental Sustainability | Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies |
| 2 | Anu Aga & family | 36 | 78 | Education | Thermax |
| 3 | Kiran Mazumdar Shaw | 34 | 67 | Education | Biocon |
| 4 | Manju D Gupta & family | 19 | 77 | Rural Development | Lupin |
| 5 | Renu Munjal & family | 17 | 65 | Education | Hero Motocorp |
| 5 | Leena Gandhi Tewari | 9 | 63 | Healthcare | USV |
| 7 | Kavita Yadupati Singhania & family | 5 | 60 | Rural Development | JK Cement |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
India Inc’s COVID-19 response
Indian wealth creators were the first to step up to support the Covid-19 response. Since mid of March 2020, many corporates have come forward to support against the COVID-19 by donating towards the relief funds. Film stars such as Akshay Kumar have donated INR 25 Crore towards the cause.
“CSR and philanthropy play an important role in reducing the gap with government funding. The covid-19 response was a case in point to understand the swiftness in which India’s super wealth creators responded to this funding support call by PM Modi” said Anas Rahman Junaid, MD and Chief Researcher, Hurun India.
Table 5: EdelGIve Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020 – Some of the Corporate Donations/ Commitments to combat Covid-19
| Date of Announcement | Company | Commitments (INR crore) | Key Personalities |
| 28-Mar-20 | Tata Sons | 1,510 | Ratan Tata |
| 1-Apr-20 | Wipro | 1,125 | Azim Premji |
| 2-Apr-20 | Reliance Industries | 510 | Mukesh Ambani |
| 30-Mar-20 | Paytm | 505 | Vijay Shekhar Sharma |
| 4-Apr-20 | Aditya Birla | 500 | Kumar Mangalam Birla |
| 02-Apr-20 | Vedanta Resources | 201 | Anil Agarwal |
| 4-Apr-20 | Avenue Supermarts | 155 | Radhakishan Damani |
| 30-Mar-20 | Larsen & Toubro | 150 | AM Naik |
| 26-Mar-20 | Bajaj | 110 | Rahul Bajaj |
| 1-Apr-20 | ArcelorMittal | 100 | LN Mittal |
| 29-Mar-20 | Adani | 100 | Gautam Adani |
| 29-Mar-20 | JSW | 100 | Sajjan Jindal |
| 31-Mar-20 | Bharti Airtel | 100 | Sunil Mittal |
| 30-Mar-20 | Torrent Pharmaceuticals | 100 | Sudhir Mehta & Samir Mehta |
| 25-Mar-20 | Hero Cycles | 100 | Pankaj Munjal |
| 30-Mar-20 | Hero Motocorp | 100 | Pawan Kant Munjal |
| 4-Apr-20 | United Phosphorus | 75 | Rajju Shroff |
| 29-Mar-20 | Kotak Mahindra Bank | 60 | Uday Kotak |
| 30-Mar-20 | Mankind Pharma | 56 | Ramesh Juneja & Rajeev Juneja |
| 27-Mar-20 | Godrej | 50 | Adi Godrej |
| 30-Mar-20 | CESC | 50 | Sanjiv Goenka |
| 8-Apr-20 | Eicher Motors | 50 | Vikram Lal |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
Most preferred Philanthropic Cause – 2020
With 79% of donations, Education remains the most favored philanthropic cause followed by Healthcare (5%) and Disaster Relief & Management (3%).
“Education has been the biggest cause supported by the donors not only in India but also in Hurun’s Global Philanthropy List. Healthcare and water conversation witnessed a spike in donations compared to last year. In 2021, we expect much of the donations could be towards healthcare”, said Anas Rahman Junaid, MD and Chief Researcher, Hurun India.
Table 6: Favored Philanthropic Causes of 2020
| Cause | No. of Donors | Total Donation (INR crore) | Change % | Highest Donor | Highest Individual Donation for the cause (INR crore) |
| Education | 90 | 9,324 | 497% | Azim Premji & family | 7,867 |
| Healthcare | 85 | 753 | 137% | AM Naik | 76 |
| Disaster Relief & Management | 41 | 359 | 240% | Mukesh Ambani & family | 261 |
| Rural Transformation | 54 | 274 | 21% | Shiv Nadar & family | 59 |
| Environment & Sustainability | 60 | 181 | 30% | Azim Premji & family | 35 |
| Livelihood Enhancement | 29 | 100 | -42% | Rahul Bajaj & family | 22 |
| Societal Platforms | 2 | 108 | -44% | Nandan Nilekani | 95 |
| Sports for Development | 37 | 63 | 70% | Mukesh Ambani & family | 21 |
| Think Tank | 2 | 50 | New | Nandan Nilekani | 48 |
| Water Conservation | 19 | 47 | 232% | Hinduja brothers | 34 |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
CSR spent beyond the prescribed 2%
Here are some of the companies that spent more than the government-mandated 2% towards CSR.
Table 7: Top 10 companies that spent CSR in excess to the mandatory commitment in FY20
| Company | Key Person | Prescribed CSR (INR crore) | Actual CSR (INR crore) |
| Ultratech | Kumar Mangalam Birla | 64 | 125 |
| Vedanta | Anil Agarwal | 13 | 53 |
| Reliance Industries | Mukesh Ambani | 875 | 909 |
| Bharti Airtel | Sunil Mittal | 0 | 32 |
| Jindal Steel & Power | Sajjan Jindal | 0 | 27 |
| Tech Mahindra | Anand Mahindra | 95 | 118 |
| Tata Motors | Ratan Tata | 0 | 23 |
| Mahindra & Mahindra | Anand Mahindra | 107 | 127 |
| Tata Steel | Ratan Tata | 174 | 193 |
| Asian Paints | Ashwin Dani | 58 | 75 |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
Philanthropy List by City
With 36 individuals, Mumbai is the philanthropy capital of India, followed by New Delhi and Bengaluru. Indian corporates prefer to donate on a pan India basis than limiting their focus to HQ locations.
Table 8: Philanthropic List by City
| Rank | City | Number of Donors | Most Generous Donor | Total Donation (INR crore) |
| 1 | Mumbai | 37 (+6) | Mukesh Ambani & family | 458 |
| 2 | New Delhi | 20 (+4) | Shiv Nadar & family | 795 |
| 3 | Bengaluru | 10 (-1) | Azim Premji & family | 7,904 |
| 4 | Pune | 7 (+2) | Rahul Bajaj & family | 74 |
| 5 | Hyderabad | 6 (+1) | Murali K Divi & family | 26 |
| 6 | Ahmedabad | 5 (0) | Gautam Adani & family | 88 |
| 7 | London | 4 (0) | Anil Agarwal & family | 215 |
| 8 | Kolkata | 3 (+1) | Benu Gopal Bangur & family | 25 |
| 8 | Dubai | 3 (+1) | Mukesh Jagtiani & family | 10 |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
Growth
Since the inception of the Hurun India Philanthropy List in 2013, the no. of entrants in the EdelGive Hurun Philanthropy List has grown 3 times during the same period. Interestingly, Hurun India Rich List has also registered a similar growth.
Chart 9: Growth of the number of individuals in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
“With more wealth being created, personal philanthropy is booming in India. Cut off to enter Top 10 has increased by 130% since 2018 and the top 25 has increased by almost 173% since 2016.”, said Anas Rahman Junaid, MD and Chief Researcher, Hurun India.
Table 10: Table analyses the cut-off required for Top 10 and 25
|
| 2020 Donation INR crore | 2019 Donation INR crore | 2018 Donation INR crore | 2017 Donation INR crore | 2016 Donation INR crore |
| Top 10 | 74 | 83 | 36 | 53 | 96 |
| Top 25 | 27 | 30 | 13 | 12 | 11 |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
Table 11: Table for philanthropist who donated more than 100 crores
| Name | Company | Donation (INR crore) | Residence | Age |
| Azim Premji & family | Wipro | 7,904 | Bengaluru | 75 |
| Shiv Nadar & family | HCL Technologies | 795 | New Delhi | 75 |
| Mukesh Ambani & family | Reliance Industries | 458 | Mumbai | 63 |
| Kumar Mangalam Birla & family | Aditya Birla | 276 | Mumbai | 53 |
| Anil Agarwal & family | Vedanta | 215 | London | 67 |
| Ajay Piramal & family | Piramal | 196 | Mumbai | 65 |
| Nandan Nilekani | Infosys | 159 | Bengaluru | 65 |
| Hinduja Brothers | Hinduja | 133 | London | 84 |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020.
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
Table 12: Table for philanthropist who donated between 50 to 100 crores
| Name | Company | Donation (INR crore) | Residence | Age |
| Gautam Adani & family | Adani | 88 | Ahmedabad | 58 |
| Sudhir Mehta & Samir Mehta | Torrent | 81 | Ahmedabad | 66,57 |
| AM Naik | Larsen & Toubro | 76 | Mumbai | 73 |
| Rahul Bajaj & family | Bajaj Auto | 74 | Pune | 82 |
| Anand Mahindra & family | Mahindra & Mahindra | 71 | Mumbai | 65 |
| Yusuffali M A | Lulu | 68 | Abu Dhabi | 64 |
| Sanjiv Goenka & family | CESC | 68 | Kolkata | 59 |
| Cyrus S Poonawalla & Adar Poonawalla | Serum Institute of India | 66 | Pune | 79 |
| Shapoor Pallonji Mistry & family | Investments | 50 | Monaco | 55 |
| Cyrus Pallonji Mistry & family | Investments | 50 | Mumbai | 52 |
| S Gopalakrishnan & family | Infosys | 50 | Bengaluru | 65 |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020.
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
Table 13: Stats from the Hurun Philanthropy List
| Year | No of Donors | Average Donation INR crore | Top 50 Cut-Off INR crore | Top 100 Cut-Off INR crore |
| 2020 | 114 | 107 | 15 | 7 |
| 2019 | 100 | 44 | 15 | 5 |
| 2018 | 38 | 61 | N.A. | N.A. |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020.
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
Table 14: Key Star Signs in EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
| Zodiac sign | Cumulative Donation (INR crore) | Most Generous Person | Donation (INR crore) |
| Leo | 8,262 | Azim Premji & family | 7,904 |
| Cancer | 1,021 | Shiv Nadar & family | 795 |
| Aries | 655 | Mukesh Ambani & family | 458 |
| Gemini | 653 | Kumar Mangalam Birla & family | 276 |
| Virgo | 360 | Anil Agarwal & family | 215 |
| Taurus | 224 | Anand Mahindra & family | 71 |
| Sagittarius | 221 | Hinduja brothers | 133 |
| Pisces | 210 | SD Shibulal & family | 32 |
| Scorpio | 195 | Yusuffali M A | 68 |
| Aquarius | 109 | Sanjiv Goenka & family | 68 |
| Capricorn | 97 | Mukund Rungta & family | 19 |
| Libra | 37 | Keki Hormusji Gharda& family | 10 |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020.
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
CSR spending of BSE 200 companies growing at a CAGR of 16% during the last six years
Government, Civil Society, and the Corporate are the three distinct pillars sustaining the nation-building process. Corporate Social Responsibility is moving away from checkbook charity donations to a more long-term strategic engagement for the company. The cumulative CSR spend of BSE 200 companies has grown INR 5,561 crore FY15 to INR 11,881 crore in FY20.
Chart 15: CSR spending of BSE 200 companies (INR crore)
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
Unspent CSR
The proportion of unspent capital has been on the decline since the FY15. The shortfall in spending was 4% of the total spend or INR 456 crore in FY20. The gap stood at 30% in FY15.
Chart 15: Unspent CSR BSE 200 companies
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
For more details, visit www.hurunindia.net
BSE 200: Sectors donating most towards corporate CSR
With INR 3,743 crore CSR Spend Energy leads followed by Financial with INR 2,335 crore Technology with INR 1,575 crore. Also, CSR spending by Indian companies is skewed towards education and healthcare.
Table 16: BSE 200 Companies Industry breakdown
| Industry | Number of Companies | Cumulative Spend FY 20 | Cumulative Excess Spend FY 20 | 3yr Average Profit (%) |
| Energy | 18 | 3,743 | 642 | 5.0% |
| Financial | 48 | 2,335 | 200 | 2.0% |
| Technology | 9 | 1,575 | 85 | 2.7% |
| Automobile | 16 | 897 | 158 | 1.8% |
| Metals | 10 | 859 | 199 | 2.9% |
| FMCG | 17 | 665 | 5 | 2.0% |
| Construction | 12 | 490 | 109 | 2.3% |
| Healthcare | 21 | 396 | 49 | 2.3% |
| Engineering | 15 | 273 | 51 | 2.2% |
| Chemicals | 11 | 242 | 53 | 2.5% |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
For more details, visit www.hurunindia.net
Full List: EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
| Rank | Name | Donation INR crore | Primary Cause | Company |
| 1 | Azim Premji & family | 7,904 | Education | Wipro |
| 2 | Shiv Nadar & family | 795 | Education | HCL Technologies |
| 3 | Mukesh Ambani & family | 458 | Disaster Relief | Reliance Industries |
| 4 | Kumar Mangalam Birla & family | 276 | Education | Aditya Birla |
| 5 | Anil Agarwal & family | 215 | Healthcare | Vedanta |
| 6 | Ajay Piramal & family | 196 | Education | Piramal Enterprises |
| 7 | Nandan Nilekani | 159 | Sustainable Development | Infosys |
| 8 | Hinduja Brothers | 133 | Healthcare | Hinduja |
| 9 | Gautam Adani & family | 88 | Education | Adani |
| 10 | Sudhir Mehta & Samir Mehta | 82 | Heathcare | Torrent Pharmaceuticals |
| 11 | AM Naik | 76 | Heathcare | Larsen & Toubro |
| 12 | Rahul Bajaj & family | 74 | Livelihood Enhancement | Bajaj Auto |
| 13 | Anand Mahindra & family | 71 | Education | Mahindra & Mahindra |
| 14 | Yusuffali M A | 68 | Healthcare | Lulu |
| 15 | Cyrus S Poonawalla & Adar Poonawalla | 66 | Education | Serum Institute of India |
| 16 | Cyrus Pallonji Mistry & family | 50 | Healthcare | Tata Sons |
| 16 | S Gopalakrishnan & family | 50 | Healthcare | Infosys |
| 16 | Shapoor Pallonji Mistry & family | 50 | Healthcare | Tata Sons |
| 19 | Rohini Nilekani | 47 | Environmental Sustainability | Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies |
| 20 | Anu Aga & family | 36 | Education | Thermax |
| 21 | Kiran Mazumdar Shaw | 34 | Healthcare | Biocon |
| 22 | SD Shibulal & family | 32 | Healthcare | Infosys |
| 23 | LN Mittal & family | 28 | Environmental Sustainability | HPCL Mittal Energy |
| 23 | Sajjan Jindal & family | 28 | Healthcare | JSW Steel |
| 25 | Amit & Archana Chandra | 27 | Environment & Sustainability | ATE Chandra Foundation |
| 25 | Vikram Lal & family | 27 | Education | Eicher Motors |
| 27 | Murali K Divi & family | 26 | Healthcare | Divi's Laboratories |
| 28 | Benu Gopal Bangur & family | 25 | Education | Shree Cement |
| 28 | Kalanithi Maran & family | 25 | Education | Sun TV Network |
| 30 | Uday Kotak | 22 | Education | Kotak Mahindra Bank |
| 31 | Acharya Balkrishna | 21 | Education | Patanjali Ayurved |
| 32 | Burman family | 19 | Healthcare | Dabur India |
| 32 | Manju D Gupta & family | 19 | Rural Development | Lupin |
| 32 | Mukund Rungta & family | 19 | Rural Development | Rungta Mines |
| 32 | PV Ramprasad Reddy & family | 19 | Healthcare | Aurobindo Pharma |
| 32 | Ronnie Screwvala & family | 19 | Rural Develpoment | Unilazer Ventures |
| 32 | Sameer Gehlaut & family | 19 | Healthcare | Indiabulls Housing Finance |
| 32 | Shri Ram Beriwala & Shyam Sunder Beriwala | 19 | Healthcare | Shyam Steel |
| 39 | Baba Kalyani & family | 18 | Rural Development | Bharat Forge |
| 39 | Godrej family | 18 | Livelihood Enhancement | Godrej |
| 39 | Madhukar Parekh & family | 18 | Rural Develpoment | Pidilite Industries |
| 39 | Pawan Kant Munjal & family | 18 | Education | Hero MotoCorp |
| 39 | Sanjiv Goenka & family | 18 | Education | CESC |
| 44 | Renu Munjal & family | 17 | Education | Hero MotoCorp |
| 44 | Suman Kant Munjal & family | 17 | Education | Hero MotoCorp |
| 46 | B Parthasaradhi Reddy & family | 16 | Education | Hetero Drugs |
| 46 | Kochouseph Chittilappilly & family | 16 | Disaster Relief | V-Guard Industries |
| 46 | Nandlal Rungta & family | 16 | Rural Development | Rungta Mines |
| 46 | Pankaj Patel & family | 16 | Healthcare | Cadila Healthcare |
| 46 | Sunil Mittal & family | 16 | Education | Bharti Airtel |
| 51 | Ashwin Dani & family | 15 | Skill Development | Asian Paints |
| 51 | SP Oswal & family | 15 | Healthcare | Vardhman Textiles |
| 53 | Nusli Wadia & family | 14 | Healthcare | Britannia Industries |
| 53 | Rajan Raheja & family | 14 | Healthcare | Exide Industries |
| 55 | Anurang Jain & family | 13 | Skill Development | Endurance Technologies |
| 55 | C Visweswara Rao & family | 13 | Rural Development | Navayuga Engineering |
| 55 | Gurbachan Singh Dhingra & Kuldip Singh Dhingra | 13 | Skill Development | Berger Paints |
| 55 | Radhakishan Damani & family | 13 | Education | Avenue Supermarts |
| 55 | Yusuf Hamied & family | 13 | Healthcare | Cipla |
| 60 | Ajay S Shriram & family | 12 | Healthcare | DCM Shriram |
| 60 | Glenn Saldanha & family | 12 | Education | Glenmark Pharmaceuticals |
| 60 | Harsh Mariwala & family | 12 | Societal Platforms | Marico |
| 60 | Prakash Chhabria & Ritu Chhabria | 12 | Healthcare | Finolex Cables |
| 64 | J C Chaudhry | 11 | Education | Aakash Education Services |
| 64 | Lachman Das Mittal & family | 11 | Environmental Sustainability | International Tractors |
| 64 | Mannalal B Agrawal & Brothers | 11 | Healthcare | Ajanta Pharma |
| 67 | Chirayu R Amin & family | 10 | Education | Alembic Pharmaceuticals |
| 67 | Dilip & Anand Surana | 10 | Healthcare | Micro Labs |
| 67 | George Alexander Muthoot & Family | 10 | Sports | Muthoot Finance |
| 67 | George Jacob Muthoot & family | 10 | Sports | Muthoot Finance |
| 67 | George Thomas Muthoot & Family | 10 | Sports | Muthoot Finance |
| 67 | Harish Shah & family | 10 | Healthcare | Signet Chemicals |
| 67 | Harsh Vardhan Goenka & family | 10 | Healthcare | RPG Enterprises |
| 67 | Joy Alukkas & family | 10 | Livelihood Enhancement | Joy Alukkas |
| 67 | Keki Hormusji Gharda & family | 10 | Healthcare | Gharda Chemicals |
| 67 | MG George Muthoot & family | 10 | Sports | Muthoot Finance |
| 67 | Mukesh Jagtiani & family | 10 | Healthcare | Lifestyle International |
| 67 | Murali Dhar Gyanchandani & Bimal Kumar Gyanchandani | 10 | Healthcare | RSPL |
| 67 | Raja Bagmane & family | 10 | Healthcare | Bagmane Developers |
| 67 | VP Nandakumar & family | 10 | Education | Manappuram Finance |
| 67 | Pankaj Bansal & Roop Kumar Bansal | 10 | Healthcare | M3M India |
| 82 | Arvindkumar Poddar & family | 9 | Education | Balkrishna Industries |
| 82 | Banwarilal Bawri & family | 9 | Healthcare | Macleods Pharmaceuticals |
| 82 | Girdharilal Bawri & family | 9 | Healthcare | Macleods Pharmaceuticals |
| 82 | Leena Gandhi Tewari | 9 | Healthcare | USV |
| 82 | P P Reddy & family | 9 | Rural Develpoment | Megha Engineering |
| 82 | PV Krishna Reddy & family | 9 | Rural Develpoment | Megha Engineering |
| 82 | Rahul Bhatia & family | 9 | Education | InterGlobe Aviation |
| 82 | Rajendra Agarwal & family | 9 | Healthcare | Macleods Pharmaceuticals |
| 82 | Rajiv Singh & family | 9 | Healthcare | DLF |
| 91 | Anil Rai Gupta & family | 8 | Education | Havells India |
| 91 | B Prabhakaran & B Karthikeyan | 8 | Education | Thriveni Earthmovers |
| 91 | Balkrishan Goenka & family | 8 | Livelihood Enhancement | Welspun India |
| 91 | Karsanbhai Patel & family | 8 | Education | Nirma |
| 91 | Onkar Kanwar & family | 8 | Healthcare | Apollo Tyres |
| 91 | Rakesh Gangwal & family | 8 | Education | InterGlobe Aviation |
| 91 | Ratan Jindal & family | 8 | Education | JSW Steel |
| 91 | VC Nannapaneni & family | 8 | Healthcare | Natco Pharma |
| 99 | Abhaykumar Firodia & family | 7 | Education | Force Motors |
| 99 | Pritviraj Jindal & family | 7 | Healthcare | JSW Steel |
| 99 | Rajendra Vallabhaji Gogri & Chandrakant Vallabhaji Gogri | 7 | Rural Develpoment | Aarti Industries |
| 99 | Rajinder Gupta & family | 7 | Education | Trident |
| 99 | Rameshchandra T Jain & family | 7 | Rural Development | Bhilosa Industries |
| 99 | Ranjan Pai & family | 7 | Education | Manipal Education & Medical |
| 99 | Rashesh Chandrakant Shah & family | 7 | Education | Edelweiss Financial Services |
| 99 | Sandeep Jain & Sanjeev Jain | 7 | Education | Akums Drugs & Pharmaceuticals |
| 107 | Abhay Vakil & family | 6 | Skill Development | Asian Paints |
| 107 | Arun Bharat Ram & family | 6 | Education | SRF |
| 107 | Bhadresh Shah & family | 6 | Arts & Culture | AIA Engineering |
| 107 | Nirmal Jain & family | 6 | Education | IIFL |
| 111 | Arun Vijay Nathani & family | 5 | Education | Cybage Software |
| 111 | Binny Bansal | 5 | Education | Flipkart |
| 111 | Kavita Yadupati Singhania & family | 5 | Rural Develpoment | JK Cement |
| 111 | Rajju Shroff & family | 5 | Education | United Phosphorus |
Source: Hurun Research Institute; EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
For more details visit www.hurunindia.net
Methodology
To put together a comprehensive list of the largest philanthropists of India is an almost impossible task. However, we believe at Hurun Report that, the EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List is the most serious and authoritative effort to date, identifying the individuals and highlighting the causes they donate to. To make this list, the Hurun Report surveyed India’s most successful entrepreneurs, including those from the Hurun India Rich List 2020, meticulously cross-referencing the results with media reports and charitable foundations. In the course of the research, Hurun Report attended non-profit related seminars, as well as meeting with scholars, experts, philanthropists, and senior members of charitable foundations.
Hurun Report includes cash and cash equivalents pledged with legally binding commitments for the twelve months from 1 April 2019 to 31 March 2020 and the latest available CSR data filed with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. Since most of the PM Care Fund donations were announced after the cutoff date, the same is not considered for arriving at the total donation unless it is mentioned in FY 20 CSR spend in the annual report of the respective companies.
Hurun Report included donations made by companies in which an individual had a significant share by applying the percentage the individual has of the company on the donations. So, for example, Biocon for the period made donations of INR 8 crore, and Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw holds 60.68% of the shares of the company, so Hurun Report recorded Shaw’s donations as INR 4.92 crore. In 2015, Azim Premji had transferred a significant part of his shareholding amounting to 39% of the shares of Wipro to trust and foundation, which has been taken into account that year. Since this is a one-time philanthropic donation, it has not been included this year.
The list includes the only individual born and bred in India regardless of the passport they currently hold. Values are rounded, and past figures are subject to exchange rate fluctuations.
Disclaimer and Notices
This report has been prepared by Hurun Report India and EdelGive Foundation. All the data collection has been done by Hurun Report India using a systematic methodology. This report is meant for information purposes only. Reasonable care and caution have been taken in preparing this report. The information contained in this report has been obtained from sources that are considered reliable and that which is available in the public domain. By accessing and/or using any part of this report, the user accepts this disclaimer and exclusion of liability which operates to the benefit of Hurun Report India and EdelGive Foundation. Hurun Report India and EdelGive Foundation do not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information contained in the report and neither shall it be responsible for any errors or omissions in or for the results obtained from the use of such information. No third party whose information is referenced in this report, under the credit to it, assumes any liability towards the user with respect to its information. Hurun Report India and EdelGive Foundation, shall not be liable for any decisions made by the user based on this report (including those of investment or divestiture) and the user takes full responsibility for their decisions made based on this report. Hurun Report India and EdelGive Foundation shall not be liable to any user of this report (and expressly disclaim liability) for any loss, damage of any nature, including but not limited to direct, indirect, punitive, special, exemplary, consequential losses, loss of profit, loss of business and economic loss regardless of the cause of form of action and regardless of whether or not any such loss could have been foreseen.
* The report belongs to Hurun Report India. Any third party brands, names, or trademarks contained in the report belong to the relevant third parties.
About EdelGive Foundation
EdelGive Foundation is a grant-making organization, helping build and expand philanthropy in India by funding and supporting the growth of small to mid-sized grassroots NGOs committed to empowering vulnerable children, women, and communities. This approach has enabled the foundation to be a go-to partner of choice for Indian and foreign funders wanting to engage with the Indian development ecosystem.
Our unique philanthropic model places us at the center of grant-making, by providing initial grants and by managing funding from other institutional and corporate partners. Consequently today, EdelGive functions as a Philanthropic Fund Manager and Advisor between grant-makers and credible NGOs. Our grants are used towards both the financial and non-financial needs of the organizations we support. Apart from adding capacity and scale, grants are used towards building the operating capabilities of this special cohort of NGOs.
Over the last 13 years, EdelGive has supported over 150 organisations across 111 districts in 14 states of India, influencing commitments of over INR 3.31 billion in Philanthropy.
For more information on EdelGive Foundation please visit: www.edelgive.org
About the Hurun Report
Hurun Report is a leading luxury publishing and events group established in London in 1998 with a strong presence in China and India. It is widely recognized world-over for its comprehensive evaluation of the wealthiest individuals across the globe. Hurun Report is the largest compiler of the rich list globally.
Hurun Report Inc. has four divisions: Hurun Report Media, a stable of digital media and four magazines; Hurun Research Institute; Hurun Conferences, an active events division targeting entrepreneurs and high net worth individuals; and Hurun Investments, a USD20m early-stage venture capital fund with investments into tech, media, retail, and education.
About Hurun India
“Promoting Entrepreneurship Through Lists and Research”
HurunIndia commenced operations in 2012 and has been bringing to light stories of successful and emerging Indian entrepreneurs ever since, felicitating them at a bouquet of Hurun events hosted Pan-India.
Hurun India serves as India’s definitive voice celebrating wealth creation, innovation, and growth. Last year, Hurun further expanded its repertoire by releasing the Hurun Global Rich List 2020, a ranking of the 2,816 US dollar billionaires, the so-called ‘Nine-Zero Club’, currently in the world, and the ninth India Rich List which ranks the 827 richest individuals in India, allowing for comparisons between some of the most dynamic economies in the world. The purpose of this list is to try and tell the story of modern India through the eyes of an entrepreneur. For the full details, please refer to on www.hurunindia.net.
The Hurun India Philanthropy List ranks the most generous individuals in India and is now on its 5th anniversary. Indians give much more generously than many have previously understood.
The Hurun Real Estate Rich List ranks the top real estate developers in the country and is now on the 4th anniversary.
In 2018, Hurun Report launched the Hurun India Women Rich List, aimed at celebrating the success stories of some of the most amazing women wealth creators and inheritors.
In 2019, Hurun India Art List was launched, aimed at tracking some of the most successful artists who are alive today by way of cumulative auction prices. This we believe is a watershed moment in the art history of India, where we expect more entrepreneurs to start collecting.
In 2019, Hurun Luxury Consumer Survey was debuted to understand and speak about spending habits of ultra-high net worth individuals.
In 2020, Hurun India Unicorn Index was debuted to track and speak about the top young wealth creators of the country.
For the full details, please refer to on www.hurunindia.net.
For media inquiries, please contact:
| Rohit Yagnik Fortuna PR +91 98338 07272 | Sharjil Sheikh Fortuna PR +91 99202 31055 | Vineeth Chandrababu Hurun Report India +91 99950 61106 | Lynette Dsouza Edelweiss Group +91 99208 47823 Lynette.Dsouza@edelweissfin.com |
